Bharat: India 2.0

Research Interests

[su_spoiler title=”Exploring the concept of structural landscape in crystal engineering” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

The structural landscape provides a holistic picture of small structural and energetic changes that take place during the late stages of crystallization of an organic compound. Any given compound is associated with a large number of putative crystal structures that lie in a small low energy window. Many of these structures are never accessed experimentally for reasons that are not fully clear. The landscape idea itself contains information about high energy crystalline forms, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, high Z’ cases which may hint about the probable molecular features based on the intermolecular interactions during the crystallization process. Studies of the crystal landscape could lead to an understanding of the kinetic pathways that control the crystallization processes. In general, the idea of crystal structure landscape collectively brings the essential ideas of modern crystal engineering: crystallization mechanism, high Z` crystal structures as well as polymorphism, and further emphasise the importance of kinetic features in the supramolecular synthesis.

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Ref:

  1. Mukherjee, A; Dixit, K; Sarma, SP; Desiraju, GR. IUCrJ 2014, 1, 228-239
  2. Dubey, R; Pavan, MS; Guru Row TN; Desiraju, GR. IUCrJ 2014, 1, 8-18
  3. Mukherjee, A; Desiraju, GR. Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 1375-1385
  4. Dubey, R; Desiraju, GR. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 1181-1184
  5. Dubey, R; Desiraju, GR. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13178−13182.

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[su_spoiler title=”Halogen bonding” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

Understanding halogen bonding and halogen…halogen interactions is important to employ these interactions as effective synthons in crystal engineering design strategies. A recent unusual phenomenon of modularity in crystal structures in 3,4,5-trichlorophenol example illustrates that synthons can be transferred in a modular way so that such modules are connected by halogen bonding. Halogen bonding is important from the crystal engineering perspective as it can be helpful in determin   ing and predicting crystal structures.

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Ref:

  1. Saha, S; Rajput, L; Joseph, S; Mishra, MK; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. CrystEngComm, 2015, 17, 1273-1290.
  2. Mukherjee, A; Desiraju, GR. IUCrJ 2014, 1, 49-60.
  3. Mukherjee, A; Tothadi, S; Desiraju, GR. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 2514-2524.
  4. Tothadi, S, Desiraju, GR. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 7791-7793.
  5. Tothadi, S; Joseph, S; Desiraju, GR Cryst. Growth Des. 2013, 13, 3242-3254.

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[su_spoiler title=”Systematic design strategies to achieve ternary cocrystals” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

Targeted synthesis of ternary cocrystals can be achieved by size and shape mimicry, i.e. replacing molecules in crystal lattice with molecules of similar size and shape. Further an intermolecular interaction within a structure can be substituted by another intermolecular interaction with different geometric and energetic functions with little change in structural packing, i.e. interaction mimicry.

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Recently three ternary co-crystals of 4,4′-bis-hydroxyazobenzene have been reported. The design strategy hinges on the identification of a robust synthon with O-H···N hydrogen bonds in a binary co-crystal. Construction of this module allows the tuning of π···π stacking interactions and weak hydrogen bonds to incorporate the third component into the crystal structure. Screening of various co-formers showed that a delicate balance of electrostatics is required for stacking to favor the formation of ternaries. A C-H···N hydrogen-bonded motif was also found to occur repetitively in the ternary co-crystals. The directional nature of weak hydrogen bonds allows them to be used effectively in this study.

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Ref:

  1. Chakraborty, S; Rajput, L; Desiraju, GR. Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 2571-2577.
  2. Tothadi, S, Desiraju, GR. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 7791-7793.

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[su_spoiler title=”Nanoindentation studies of molecular crystals ” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

Nanoindentation is an effective method to assess the mechanical response of solids with high precision, and on extremely small volumes. It provides useful information on the mechanical properties of polymorphic drugs, which in turn allows for developing an understanding of their stability in the solid state. We use nanoindentation and nanoscratching as tools to study mechanical anisotropy, interaction characteristics, desolvation processes, polymorphism, phase stability, and molecular migration in molecular crystals. It may be used as a direct measure of molecular and crystal energies of molecular crystals. In all these studies we try to understand these phenomena as a function of crystal packing.

This work is done in collaboration with the research group of Prof. U. Ramamurty.

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Ref:

  1. Mishra, MK; Sanphui, P; Ramamurty, U; Desiraju, GR. Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 3054-3061.
  2. Mishra, MK; Varughese, S; Ramamurty, U; Desiraju, GR J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 8121-8124.
  3. Varughese, S; Kiran, MSRN; Ramamurty, U; Desiraju, GR. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2701- 2712.
  4. Mishra, MK; Desiraju, GR; Ramamurty, U; Bond, A Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13102−13105.

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[su_spoiler title=”Supramolecular synthon identification by FT–IR spectroscopy” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

Supramolecular synthons, structural units that contain all geometrical and chemical information inherent to the phenomenon of primary recognition between functional groups, are of great significance in crystal engineering. Heterosynthons hold a position of special importance among them because they provide a predictive justification, in terms of unique intermolecular interactions, as to why two molecules should co-crystallize. As supramolecular synthons grow in significance and usefulness with the advent of high throughput crystallization and screening methods, the need is felt for their identification with a method that is simple, accurate and not as time, cost and labor-intensive as Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) or Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD). When it comes to choosing a technique for synthon identification that is comparatively cheap, easy to use and ubiquitous in its availability, IR spectroscopy seems to be the natural choice. Using this concept we have developed an ‘IR-marker’ method for simultaneous identification of multiple H-bonded synthons and their transferability has also been probed. Coming to a more difficult case, we have been able to distinguish topological and geometrical variations, in the same halogen bonded synthon by means of a ‘Graded IR filter’. Recently, the IR characteristics for a variety of weak but frequently used C-H…X synthons have also been identified. We have developed a four-step strategy for identifying supramolecular synthons using IR spectroscopy, outlined in the scheme below:

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Ref:

  1. Saha, S; Rajput, L; Joseph, S; Mishra, MK; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. CrystEngComm, 2015, 17, 1273-1290.
  2. Saha, S; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. Aust. J. Chem. 2014, 67, 1840–1848.
  3. Chakraborty, S; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. CrystEngComm 2014, 16, 4732-4741
  4. Mukherjee, A; Tothadi, S; Chakraborty, S; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. CrystEngComm 2013, 15, 4640-4654.

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[su_spoiler title=”Polymorphism and cocrystal screening” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

The group focuses on different aspect of polymorphism, which include tautomeric polymorphism, synthon polymorphism, high Z’ issues, and additive induced polymorphism. Further, the principles of crystal engineering are being effectively employed in developing new drug forms that find applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug-drug cocrystals are examples where a drug combination can be considered as an alternative to commercially available physical mixtures.

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Ref:

  1. Sanphui, P; Tothadi, S; Ganguly, S; Desiraju, GR. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2013, 10, 4687-4697.
  2. Rajput, L; Sanphui, P; Desiraju, GR. Cryst. Growth Des. 2013, 13, 3681-3690.
  3. Grobelny, P; Mukherjee, A; Desiraju, GR. CrystEngComm 2012, 14, 5785-5794.

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[su_spoiler title=”Pharmaceutical cocrystals: Structural and physicochemical property studies” class=”my-custom-spoiler”]

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are an emerging class of crystal forms in the pharmaceutical industry. Crystal engineering of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) offers a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystal interactions. Pharmaceutical cocrystals that are obtained by design (crystal engineering) can enhance the solubility, bioavailability, release rates and/or stability of API crystal forms. Crystal engineering of pharmaceutical entities with poor solubility and permeability (class IV) have shown appreciable enhancements in the two properties thus paving the way for highly bioavailable drugs. Crystal engineering also allows the possibility of designing combinations of drugs that have multiple therapeutic benefits which exhibit higher bioavailablity and release properties than mixed drugs.

API-Final

                    

Ref.

  1. Sanphui, P.; Devi, VK.; Mathew, D.; Malviya, N.; Ganguly, S.; Desiraju, GR. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2015, in Press.
  2. Rajput, L. Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 5196-5205.
  3. Sanphui, P.; Tothadi, S.; Ganguly, S.; Desiraju, GR. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2013, 10, 4687−4697.
  4. Rajput, L.; Sanphui. P.; Desiraju, GR. Cryst. Growth Des. 2013, 13, 3681-3690.
  5. Sanphui, P; Rajput, L. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 2013, 70, 81-90.

Indian Patent Filed in 2013

  1. Title of the invention: Sildenafil-cocrystals and salts and uses thereof; Assignee: Indian Institute of Science

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